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1)  hat is the purpose of the study?    The purpose was to describe the ongoing marginalization and victimization of women. After conducting research, the purpose also became to describe a narrow conception of masculinity which oppresses both women and gay men.    2)   What are the research questions? How does fraternity social practices represent fraternity culture and in turn create a culture? Social practices are a representation of the fraternity’s goals, values, concerns, and visions that are predesigned by the fraternity for their members. This web of significance becomes the member’s culture. Interactions reshape the culture. How is power utilized to produce marginalization and in what forms does marginalization appear? What structures reinforce positions of inequality in which fraternity members maintain power over others? 3)  Who were the participants and where did it take place?    The participants were members of the Alpha Beta Fraternity at Clement University. 60 active members.    4)   What type of evidence did the authors provide? Twelve formal structured interviews were conducted lasting 1-2 hours. They were transcribed and tape recorded. Eighteen less formal interviews were also conducted. Hand notes were used to record interviews. Lasted for approx. 1 hour. Participated in actual fraternity activities. (frat parties to rituals) Study lasted one semester Discussions with key informants who explained significance of various fraternity practices Numerous documents were examined including the Clement Univ. greek handbook, minutes from chapter meetings, class papers written by Alpha Beta members that describe some of their fraternity experiences, and the fraternity liability policy. The analysis involved reading and rereading pages of text. Focused on material involving women. 5)  What were the findings?    1-   The promotion of hostile representations of women    Ex. Women were frequently characterized in ways that depicted them as something less than human, as objects worthy of manipulation or distain. Discussed as tools. Calls unattractive women creatures. Patriarchy complex- men have higher status and privilege than women. Women are liars who can say they were raped. They have power over men because of this.     2-   The positioning of women as passive participants    Ex. Their participation in fraternity functions was limited and defined by the members.    One specific event they could openly participate in. Drinking games.     Lavaliering-woman is blindfolded and taken to the basement of the house. She is surrounded by candles and members with ceremonial robes. She is powerless even though the event is considered harmless and is an engagement to her boyfriend type of thing. Most of women’s participation occurs with control of the brothers. 3-  Issues related to gender perceptions Brothers have a macho conception of manhood. All members are well built, attractive and athletic. Strong disdain for gay men. See them as more like women.